Careful analysis of these observations, along with good knowledge of spectral information, line-broadening processes, and atmospheric chemistry of all chemical compounds present in different layers of the atmosphere atoms, molecules, clusters, radicals, ions , may provide profiles of the concentrations of all absorbing, and sometimes non-absorbing, chemical species. Much of the required knowledge is available from laboratory experiments and satellite observations of the Earth, supported by a well-developed theory of absorption and emission processes.
Unfortunately laboratory absorption measurements at high pressures for a large temperature range are far from complete. This puts a severe limit on the exploitation of high-pressure planetary atmospheres at extreme cold or hot conditions with respect to Earth. An efficient and well-distributed heating and cooling system is necessary to obtain a uniform temperature of the sample gas. Safety measures are required to deal with accidental events during the operation of the system.
A stable optical interface with the FTS and in the future with a CRD is needed, as is the maintenance of a stable alignment during heating and cooling. Although several facilities are mentioned in the literature for optical measurements in gases, to our knowledge, none of these cover the combination of pressures and temperatures obtained with PASS x S. Several heatable absorption cells have been developed in the past with the goal to perform spectroscopic studies of hot gases.
Hartmann and Perrin used a Hartmann et al. Rieker et al. Schwarm et al. Such high temperatures are of particular interest for combustion processes. A similar cell has been reported by Almodovar et al. Also, Christiansen et al. The outer chamber is filled with a non-absorbing buffer gas and kept at ambient temperature with closed-circuit water cooling. The external windows are thus subject to a pressure difference but are at ambient temperature. Kalrez O-rings were used to seal the hot windows.
All the cells mentioned before are heatable cells. Coolable cells have been used for many decades, with pioneering work by McKellar et al. McKellar et al. Typically these cells were coupled to a Fourier transform spectrometer and used to measure spectra of molecular complexes clusters.
Ballard et al. Several coolable cells with multiple reflection optics have been reported with very long path lengths see, e. A review of coolable cells can be found in Le Doucen et al. Mondelain et al. They performed line-broadening experiments on carbon dioxide and methane at low temperatures.
Table 1 The table lists some relevant properties of a number of coolable and heatable absorption cells reported in the literature.
The table is not an exhaustive list of such cells but is intended to give an example of what has been achieved in the past. Very few absorption cells have been constructed with the possibility of both heating and cooling; one example can be found in Schermaul et al. The cell developed by Schermaul et al. The windows are kept at room temperature. Shetter et al. They designed a cell consisting of three concentric stainless-steel tubes, with the innermost housing White-type optics.
They flowed a cooling and heating fluid between the two inner tubes and used the outer tube to create a vacuum to provide thermal insulation. Table 1 shows a non-exhaustive list of heatable and coolable absorption cells reported in the literature for spectroscopic measurements of pure gases and mixtures, with some relevant parameters, and is meant to show the state of the art in this field.
The large volume of the cell makes it less attractive for using expensive gases or isotopic species. While most previous heatable absorption cells are short-path-length cells less than 0. By performing these temperature scans for different pressures densities , the temperature dependence of spectral features due to collisional broadening, such as line broadening, collision-induced bands, and the so-called continuum absorption, can thus be determined.
It is well known that these processes are proportional to the square of the density, but their temperature dependence is still under study from both an experimental and theoretical point of view.
The simulation facility consists of two concentric chambers see Fig. Moreover, the sample chamber is mounted on three thermally insulating supports made principally of MACOR rods see Fig. The PI task builds on a collection of over 50, digitized out-of-copyright books of different genre e. The task was first run in and was kept the same for , including the 21 topics for evaluation. Most topics consist of complex factual statements with multiple atomic facts.
This creates difficulties for judging, as individual parts can be confirmed or refuted on a page without the other parts being mentioned. In addition to the 6, pages judged last year, this year pages were judged by one participating team and pages were judged using AMT, to ensure all top 10 results of all official submissions were judged. We selected 12 fiction-related and 12 non-fiction-related topics for further analysis using AMT. The top 10 results of the 22 runs were pooled and we ask workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk AMT to judge books both on topical relevance and whether they are good enough to recommend as the best books on the topic.
The official evaluation measure is nDCG Results show there is not much difference in performance on fiction and non-fiction book requests.
However, the relevance judgment from AMT lead to a different system ranking than the suggestions from the LT forums. This supports the intuition that the requests from the LT forums represent a different scenario than ad hoc search for topical relevance.
Preliminary analysis also suggests that workers treated relevance and recommendation similarly, although for recommendation the Amazon reviews are much more effective than other parts of the book descriptions. Perhaps the similarity is due to the setup of the experiment, where we asked a single worker to judge both relevance and recommendation, encouraging workers to make judgments dependent upon each other. Two teams together submitted 21 runs for the PI task. The team from University of Massachusetts submitted the best runs, beating both participants from this and last year.
Next year we will ask assessors to make judgments on specific aspects of relevance independently. We want to explicitly look at aspects such as reading level, interestingness, genre, topical rele- vance and recommendation. For the Prove It task we will make the topics more structured, such that atomic parts of complex statements can be judged individually.
Further details are in [12]. With richly structured XML data, we may ask how well such structural information could be exploited to improve ad hoc retrieval performance and how it could be used in helping users navigate or explore large sets of results as in a faceted search system. It features two tasks: the ad hoc search task and the faceted search task. The ad hoc search task consists of informational requests to be answered by the entities in the IMDB collection movies, actors, directors, etc.
We asked participants to submit challenging topics, i. As for the faceted search task, each topic consists of a general topic as well as a subtopic that refines the general topic by specifying a particular interest of it. For example, animation is a general topic and animation fairy-tale could be a subtopic for it. In total, 8 participating groups submitted 25 valid ad hoc topics and 15 valid general topics along with their 20 subtopics. We added the 20 subtopics to the ad hoc task. Thus, altogether we got 45 topics for the ad hoc search task and 15 topics for the faceted search task.
Among them, 38 ad hoc topics were assessed by the participants who submitted runs. The relevance result of a general topic was thought to be that of all or any of its subtopics. So a total of 38 ad hoc topics and 13 faceted search topics were used in evaluations. Each ad hoc run contains a maximum of 1, results per topic in the TREC format.
Each faceted run consists of two files: one is the result file containing a ranked list of maximum 2, results per topic in the TREC format, and the other is the recommended facet-value file, which can be a static hierarchy of facet-values in XML format or a dynamic faceted search module.
A reference result file generated using XPath and Lucene was provided by the organizers so that participants could submit only a facet-value file based on the reference result file. They both used the traditional language modeling approaches with no structural information taken into account. However the runs that used structured retrieval models seemed promising in terms of early precisions.
For the faceted search task, since it is the first year, we used two metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of recommended facet-values to gain better understanding to the problem. One metric is the NDCG of facet-values [12]. Since in computing the NDCG we considered only the top ten results covered by each facet-value and also limited the number of facet-values to be evaluated to 10, most runs were measured as 0.
This could be alleviated by computing the NDCG of the whole hierarchy. The other metric is the interaction cost based on a simple user simulation model [10]. The best run measured by the interaction cost was from University of Amsterdam, which was based on a result file generated by Indri however. Microsoft Office became the most favorite suit of management for households as well as offices. Gradually to the end of Office will be sold out in eight configurations.
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